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Chris Giancarlo: U.S. risks becoming ‘backwater’ without central bank digital currency

One of the few high-profile public officials to have served under both the Obama and Trump administrations, Chris Giancarlo is a former Wall Street executive-turn-regulator who is widely-respected by nearly all parties on Capitol Hill. As the former Chairman of the Commodities Futures Trading Commission, however, his latest venture, the Digital Dollar Foundation, might well test his soft touch with politicians.

The former regulator is now leading the Foundation towards five pilot programs set to launch this year, part of a broader effort to help the United States regain the lead in a race against China towards a functioning CBDC.

According to Giancarlo, however, the US’s priorities when it comes to a CBDC shouldn’t merely be jingoistic:

“What’s very clear, [is] that China intends their digital yuan to be an instrument of state surveillance. […] And this is why it’s one of the reasons why the digital dollar project, we’re so animated, because we feel that our new mission is to make sure central banks wake up to this and the US Fed wakes up to this, that these social values that got us here, the rule of law, a free capital markets, free enterprise, zones of individual economic privacy, are ingrained in a new digital future of the US dollar, and that we don’t allow ourselves to be taken in by what China’s doing and match that state surveillance approach.”

However, the race to a CBDC isn’t merely about maintaining current US values, but also potnetially about unlocking new forms of smart contract-based value for the wider population. 

“The notion of a digital currency, whether it be sovereign and non-sovereign, tied to smart contracts, allows money to solve the old problem of being able to move it in place, i.e. moving around the globe as easily as you could send a text message, but also move it in time. Heretofore, money was a temporal thing, but with a smart contract you can say, I want to program my money today to go to my one grandchild in the future once they graduate college and all of those contingencies can be programmed in. […] With a programmable digital currency, you can program it today to move around the globe in space, but move around the globe in time. And that is such, I think, such a powerful construct.”

Ultimately, this work is part of an effort to ensure that America maintains technological supremacy. 

“You can’t stop the march of technology in time, and if you do, you become a backwater. We in the United States have always been open to innovation and we must be open to this innovation as well. In a prudent way, in a way that’s in correspondence with our society that expects investor protections and a role for government. […] And it’s one that I’m very excited to be involved in.”

Watch the full interview here:

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Chris Giancarlo: U.S. risks becoming \’backwater\’ without central bank digital currency

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What is Hyperledger fabric in Blockchain: A Complete Guide

Hyperledger Fabric is a customizable architecture-based framework for distributed ledger applications that provide high levels of privacy, robustness, customization, and scalability. It’s built to facilitate pluggable versions of various elements and manage the intricacy and subtleties’ financial ecosystem. 

To better understand how blockchains function and the unique characteristics and elements of Hyperledger Fabric, we suggest that first-time users read the rest of the explanation beneath. 

We’ll lead you through all that you require to understand about Hyperledger Fabric, like what it is? How to launch your first application on it? In this Hyperledger Fabric article. Let’s begin the report right away.

If you’re already acquainted with blockchain and Hyperledger Fabric, proceed with Getting Started and then move on to the demonstrations, technical requirements, APIs, and other resources.

Table to Contents:

  • What is Hyperledger in Blockchain?
  • What is the need for Hyperledger in Blockchain?
  • The Architecture of Hyperledger Fabric System-
    • Assets-
    • Chaincode-
    • Ledger-
    • Security-
    • Consensus-
    • Confidentiality-
  • What do you mean by a Blockchain?
    • Distributed Ledger –
    • Consensus-
    • Innovative contracts-
  • What are the advantages of Blockchain?
    • The Chain’s Accuracy
    • Transactions in Confidentiality
    • Reduced Costs
  • Now let’s see how to develop an application using HyperLedger Fabric System.
    • STEP 1
    • STEP 2
    • STEP 3
    • STEP 4
  • Conclusion

What is Hyperledger in Blockchain?

The Linux Foundation (the same corporation behind the Linux Operating System) launched the Hyperledger blockchain initiative in December 2015. This project was established as a core for both the collaborative production of fully accessible blockchain technology and distributed ledgers.

What is the need for Hyperledger in Blockchain?

Hyperledger was founded to advance the discovery as well as the adoption of cross-industry blockchain systems. It is backed by major corporations such as IBM and many others across a wide range of sectors, including finance, IoT, banking, industry, etc. 

One thing to keep in mind is that Hyperledger was designed to assist and stimulate the advancement of blockchain technology, not any particular cryptocurrency. 

Blockchains can transform online transactions by fostering faith, openness, and trustworthiness, as per the Hyperledger webpage. It was created solely to fulfill that ability. Around 100 companies, comprising industry titans like Nokia, IBM, and Samsung, are part of the Hyperledger blockchain, which meets every month to supervise the development of prospective blockchain frameworks. This Hyperledger neither has any nor will have its coin. It is a vital thing to keep in mind about Hyperledger.

This directly addresses Hyperledger’s purpose: developing robust industrial applications using blockchain technology while remaining apart from the digital currency creation process.

The Architecture of Hyperledger Fabric System-

In this part of the article, we will learn about the design of the Hyperledger Fabric System.

Assets can vary from the physical (property investment and equipment) to the immaterial (software and trade secrets). By using the chain code transaction process, Hyperledger Fabric allows users to alter assets. 

In the Hyperledger Fabric system, assets are portrayed as a series of key-value pairs, with state changes registered as exchanges on a ledger path. Binary and JSON representations are available for assets.

  • Chaincode-

Chaincode is the commercial concept software that defines one or multiple assets and the transaction methods for managing the purchase (s). The criteria for accessing or changing key-value pairs or any other dynamic database entries are enforced by Chaincode. Chaincode operations are started with a transaction idea and run against the ledger’s existing state information. The implementation of Chaincode generates a collection of key-value writes that can be sent to the system and implemented to the ledgers of all users.

All value changes in the fabric are recorded in a sequential, damage-resistant ledger. Chaincode abstractions (‘transactions’) supplied by interacting parties cause state shifts. Every transaction generates a collection of asset key-value pairs that have been created, updated, or deleted in the ledger. 

A blockchain is used to store permanent, sequential records in blocks, and a database file is used to keep track of the present fabric state. Each channel has only one ledger, which performs an error handling check is conducted before adding a block to guarantee that the conditions of assets that were fetched have not altered since chain code processing time.

  • Security- 

Hyperledger Fabric is the foundation of a transactional system in which all members are acknowledged. Cryptographic licenses are related to businesses, networking equipment, and application developers or client apps via Public Key Infrastructure. As an outcome, data access management on the system and channel stages can be regulated and managed. In this way, it makes it secure. 

  • Consensus-

Consensus has gradually been associated with a specific method within a particular target in distributed ledger architecture.  On the other hand, consensus entails more than just responding on transaction execution, and this distinction is underscored in Hyperledger Fabric by its central position in the whole transaction pipeline, from request and approval to ordering, verification, and pledge. In a word, the consensus is the total authentication of the accuracy of a group of transactions that make up a block.

  • Confidentiality-

Hyperledger Fabric uses an unchangeable ledger and a chain code that may edit and alter the present state of objects. A ledger can operate within the range of a channel — it could be broadcast throughout the existing system or privately run to include precisely a limited number of users. 

After all these situations, these parties will make a different channel, isolating and segregating their transactions and the database. A chain code can only be deployed on peers, which needs the information to the asset states to execute reads and updates to overcome situations that seek to fill the space between complete transparency and confidentiality.

When companies on a network want to maintain their transaction information secret, secret record keeping is being used to store it in a personal library that is logically independent of the channel record and available only to the allowed group of companies. 

In this way, the channels help keep away transaction process from other networks, and the collections maintain the secrecy of the information. 

What do you mean by a Blockchain?

The blockchain contains certain parts like – distributed ledger, consensus, and innovative contracts.

Now let’s see how these parts work.

  • Distributed Ledger – 

A distributed ledger has been at the core of a blockchain network, and it tracks all of the network’s transaction activities. Because it is repeated across multiple network users, each of those who collaborate in its upkeep, a blockchain ledger is generally defined as decentralized. We’ll learn how decentralization and partnership are essential characteristics that reflect how businesses transfer products and activities in everyday life.

Furthermore, to be decentralized and collaborative, the data collected to a blockchain is available only when using cryptographic methodologies that ensure that once a payment has been introduced to the ledger, it could not be altered. This feature of “immutability” makes it much easier to identify the authenticity of details because individuals can have the proper information that has not been modified after the transaction. It’s for this reason why blockchains are often referred to as “proof systems.” 

  • Consensus-

Consensus is the procedure of maintaining ledger transactions synchronized throughout the platform, ensuring that ledgers only refresh when the relevant users confirm transactions. That is when ledgers make changes in their information. They usually update with the actual transactions in the very same sequence. 

  • Innovative contracts-

A blockchain network includes intelligent agreements to offer regulated accessibility to the ledger to ensure the continuous updates of records and permit various ledger functions (transactions, queries, and so on). Smart contracts could be developed to allow users to perform some features of transactions mechanically and be a crucial method for encrypting data and preserving it clear across the system. 

For instance, a smart contract may be designed to specify the pricing of transporting goods, with the price changing based on how speedily the product delivers. When both clients accept the conditions and are documented down in the ledger, the relevant payments are sent immediately once the goods are received.

Afterward, you’ll know more about ledgers, smart contracts, as well as consensus. In the meantime, it’s OK to consider a blockchain as a standard, duplicated payment platform that is only updated via intelligent contracts and kept continually synced by a collaborative procedure known as consensus.

What are the advantages of Blockchain?

  • The Chain’s Accuracy 

A network of hundreds of computer devices approves payments on the blockchain system.  This virtually eliminates human intervention in the authentication process, providing in lower human mistakes and a more reliable collection of data. Even if any of the computers on the system makes a technical fault, it would only affect one blockchain record.  To transmit to the remainder of the blockchain, that mistake would have to be committed by a minimum of 51 percent of the network’s machines, which is nearly impossible in a vast and developing network like Bitcoin’s.

  • Transactions in Confidentiality 

Numerous blockchain networks function as open databases, allowing anybody with internet service to access the network’s recent transactions. Because users have accessibility to transaction details, they do not have access to personal information about the people conducting the payments. It’s a frequent misconception that blockchain networks such as bitcoin are private, but they’re not.

  • Reduced Costs 

Clients typically charge a bank to authenticate a trade, a registrar to endorse paperwork, or a preacher to marry them. The blockchain removes the requirement for third-party authentication, as well as the fees that come with it. Once businesses receive credit card transactions, they must charge a small price to banks and payment service providers to handle the operations. On the other side, Blockchain has no centralized power and only has a small number of transaction costs.

In a nutshell, blockchain networks help decrease the time, expense, and danger involved with confidential data and operations by coordinating the corporate network via a shared ledger while also boosting trust and transparency. You now have a better understanding of what blockchain is as well as why it is helpful. There are numerous other variables to consider, but they all connect to the basic principles of data and process exchange.

Now let’s see how to develop an application using HyperLedger Fabric System.

The first step is to construct and deploy the network. Your application will be useless without a functioning network. For installation, you can follow an online guide. To go to the repository containing the prototype network, run the below command when everything is done. 

cd fabric-samples/first-network

Then, to execute the network, apply the byfn.sh script. Running this system will improve network connection and deploy critical components such as containers, peers, chain code, and other tools that will aid the other processes. 

Now it’s time for creating artifacts for creating this run the given command. After that, hit “Y” when prompted for verification. 

.byfn.sh generate

In this step, we will power up the network. To enable additional peers to connect to the network, this will start all of the parts, including chain code and containers. To activate the network, enter the following command: 

./byfn.sh up

The next step will be launching the network. To start the network, run the following code :

./startFabric.sh javascript

Now you will have everything you need to construct your application once the network is launched, from orderers to peers to certificate authorities.

Conclusion 

Our Hyperledger Fabric post has finally come to an end. The Hyperledger Fabric framework and blockchain technology possess the potential to transform a  variety of sectors throughout the globe.

This article showed you how to get started with the Hyperledger Fabric framework and how to develop the application. Apart from this, this article also clarifies Blockchain and its advantages. If you want to learn more about building an actual business software or application, go for a complete online or offline course. If you’re going to open a Hyberledger, always choose a reputed, well-established website that offers handy features. One such website is Blockchain Council which we recommend to all the users.

What is Hyperledger fabric in Blockchain: A Complete Guide

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Hyperledger Fabric: Most Essential Features & Applications You Need to Know

Codezeros

We get to see countless tools and frameworks being included in the field of Blockchain technology as it continues to expand. Hyperledger is one such popular Blockchain framework.

It consists of uncountable tools to streamline the development process of Blockchain applications and systems through improved collaboration between developers and businesses working with the technology of Distributed Ledger.

We are going to cover up everything about Hyperledger fabric in this article.

What is Meant by Hyperledger Fabric?

One of the popular and widely used Blockchain frameworks is Hyperledger Fabric, similar to the concept of Hyperledger Sawtooth technology.

Being an enterprise-class framework based on DLT, it focuses on aiming to offer versatility and modularity. The modular architecture of Fabric can be out to diverse uses in the industry of the technology of Blockchain.

Hyperledger Fabric: Most Essential Features & Applications You Need to Know

The core feature of Hyperledger Development:

Hyperledger Fabric development offers various features as described below:

  • A consensus of plug-&-play is featured by Hyperledger Fabric.
  • It supports Solidity and EVM.
  • It offers enhanced flexibility to data privacy. It performs the process of data isolation through “channels” and also leverages ‘collections’ of private data.
  • Hyperledger Fabric is incorporated with permission and highly modular architecture.
  • The smart open contract control model of Hyperledger Fabric contributes to flexibility.
  • The lower latency of confirmation makes it preferable.
  • Hyperledger fabric supports query-able data.
  • It supports continuous operations, along with an asymmetric version of support and rolling upgrades.
  • Multiple language-based smart control support for coding languages like JavaScript, Go, and Java is available.

The organizations (referred to as members) that come along for building a consortium together set up the permission Blockchain network, Hyperledger Fabric.

The architecture of network-within-network is probably the finest characteristic of Fabric. Although network members keep intention for collaborating, they keep up discreet relationships in the network because every member organization needs to hold their privatized data securely.

The network’s every member organization makes a setup particularly for their peers participating in the said network. Cryptographic elements like Certificate Authority are used to configure the peers.

Clients in the organization send transaction invocation requests to peers. They leverage the REST web service or Fabric SDK and communicate with the network of Fabric. The transaction invocation request is triggered by the chain code already installed in peer nodes.

All peers preserve only one ledger on every channel to which they subscribe, as the network of Fabric is contingent on DLT in the Hyperledger Blockchain framework. The peers in the network of Hyperledger play different roles, unlike Ethereum. Following are the types of peers:

  • Anchor peer: While configuring a channel, a single or a bunch of anchors are simultaneously configured. The endorser sends an update to anchor peers regarding the transactions. The anchor peer receives it and sends the update to various other peers. Anchor peers come with a discoverable feature and thus can be effortlessly found out by any peer.
  • Endorser peer: These nodes simulate the outcome of a transaction besides validating it and executing the chain code. But these peers cannot update the ledger.
  • Orderer peer: These peers act as the chief interaction channel of the network. An Orderer peer makes the block followed by sending it to different peers. It maintains a constant ledger set in the network.

Applications of Hyperledger Fabric:

The applications of Fabric in Blockchain Hyperledger platforms are described below:

  1. Diamond Tracing:

The diamonds pass through multiple hands during extraction and mining. And it is prone to fraud and double-dealing. So, strict measures are required. The Hyperledger Fabric allows miners, retailers, separators, and exporters to develop a consortium. The Fabric keeps the whole process transparent by recording and tracking every transaction.

2. Digital payments:

Hyperledger being a decentralized private network of Blockchain, it allows secure transactions. Fabric focuses on making the financial sector’s Interledger. It facilitates easy carrying out of transactions via similar channels. It encourages communication amongst various international payment systems available worldwide.

3. Digital identity:

Cybercrimes and data breaches are growing. And the companies are concerned about the security of their network and credentials. Blockchain technology is now incorporated to boost this safety.

4. B2B contracts:

The automation of contractual agreements is enabled, as Hyperledger Fabric allows enterprises to codify the business contracts. It also facilitates safety and security. The network-inside-network architecture of Fabric makes sure that sensitive and confidential data of B2B contracts are safe and secure.

5. Food supply chain:

Fabric is used to form consortiums by the food production companies and sector. This enhances the entire process of food supply and gains customer trust. Regardless of the time, the data of the food supply chain, its history, and the present location of a food item can be accessed.

Conclusion:

The above-mentioned features and applications of the Hyperledger framework signify that it holds a robust capability for the technology of Blockchain. Thus, Hyperledger development tools can be used for making efficient and powerful non-monetary and industrial applications.

Hyperledger Fabric: Most Essential Features & Applications You Need to Know

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CABEI Lends assistance to EL Salvador for Bitcoin Adoption

On Monday, 14th June, the head of the multinational development bank, CABEI (Central American Bank for Economic Integration), announced that the bank would provide technical assistance for the implementation of Bitcoin as legal tender in El Salvador.

In the Monday press conference, The executive President of the Central American Bank For Economic Integration, Dante Mossi, said the development bank is looking forward to collaborating with the finance ministry of EL Salvador for the selection of a technical team to carry out a successful bitcoin implementation process.

Mossi admitted at the Monday press conference that the Government of El Salvador was actively looking for assistance from the financial institution to allow a proper enactment of Bitcoin as a legal tender in the country. 

Mossi seemed pleased while delivering the message to EL Salvador’s government and the President that how proud he feels that the Central American Bank for Economic Integration came out to be the first choice of President Bukele and the Government authorities of El Salvador. Further, Mossi brought up the point that there is no other country in the world that has adopted Bitcoin cryptocurrency as widely as this country has done. He said, protecting public privacy is a big challenge today, and to overcome this, we must choose the most efficient method.

Mossi gave out some details about the formation of the technical advisory team of the bank that would involve CABEI members, the ministry of finance and central bank officials from EL Salvador. 

The development bank also aims at helping in project planning and providing navigation assistance regarding the legal aspects of Bitcoin implementation as the legal currency of El Salvador.

Challenges in Bitcoin Adoption 

Last week, El Salvador turned into the first country to receive Bitcoin as a legal tender after Congress authorized President Nayib Bukele’s recommendation to accept the cryptocurrency.

Early this month, after El Salvador collaborated with digital wallet company “Strike” to foster the country’s advanced financial framework utilizing Bitcoin technology, President Bukele presented the bill to Congress.

After a couple of days, El Salvador’s President Bukele reported that bitcoin mining would be carried out under the nation’s state-run geothermal energy utility by employing power produced from volcanoes. The declaration was made only a few hours later, the Central American country’s CongressCongress cast a ballot to make the crypto a plausible legal tender.

Still, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) cautioned El Salvador about the dangers of utilizing cryptocurrency for everyday exchanges. An IMF group planned to meet with the President of El Salvador as the worldwide association reflected upon another aid package for the country during its recuperation from the Covid-19 pandemic. 

Meanwhile, El Salvador’s President disclosed that he was in touch with the IMF and expressed that he would clarify the operations comprehensively and the situation with the economy regarding how the currency functions as a legal tender in the country.

Conclusion 

President Bukele promises a robust selection of experts from CABEI would be made for effective risk assessment, investment plan, financial education, and regulation. CABEI, on the other hand, seems to be equally invested.

CABEI Lends assistance to EL Salvador for Bitcoin Adoption

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Blockchain Technology is Advancing Health Technology

Codezeros

Healthcare infrastructural system has been a prolonging issue in every country, be it a developed nation or an underdeveloped nation. It is much needed that the healthcare industry moves on to better information technology solutions that serve a better functioning framework.

However, it wasn’t accurately the case, as the healthcare system kept on lagging and failed to implement newer technologies. Thus, to upgrade healthcare technology, what can be done is to use blockchain technology as the IT tool to meet all the needs.

So, let us discuss how involving blockchain in the healthcare system can revolutionize the whole system.

Blockchain Technology is Advancing Health Technology

The Decentralization of ePHI (Electronic Protected Health Information)

To talk about healthcare data, it is about several private sets of information which is known as electronically protected health information (ePHI). This holds information about patients like their personal data, the insurances, other previous health records, etc.

All of these things remained changed since the introduction, and even with other technological advances, there was no such upgrade in the healthcare system.

The slower rate or negligible rate of modernization of the system is all because of the healthcare provider’s low interest in providing funds for the development and also thanks to the inefficiencies from the healthcare provider’s side.

However, with passing years, healthcare administrators are finally gearing up to upgrade to blockchain in the healthcare sector, as they know that this can bring more elaborate and categorized data of their patients.

Block technology has got the potential to change the healthcare system and can create a whole new level of excellence.

The blockchain, when integrated with a record-keeping solution, will therefore render better privacy which can safeguard sensitive information. Moreover, it will let people manage their health data.

The decade surely needs advanced healthcare technology, which can be effective enough for all patients. So, for that, blockchain is the correct solution which is an immutable and encrypted ledger technology. And there are several various features that it provides lie:

  • More inclination towards people-

As blockchain and the data on it isn’t owned by any organization, thus the information is decentralized, and it helps to protect the stats and data of individuals.

  • Data on the blockchain is encrypted–

Blockchain encrypts the data completely, as it secures the data, be it of health information or even banking information, the information can’t be changed.

If in situations where there is a need to change the information of the patient, then it can be done by creating another node, where the previous information is amended.

  • The blockchain itself is reliable–

The information or data stored in the blockchain gets safe as the chain becomes permanent. If any changes are needed to be made, then another block needs to be created. Any patient’s information can be looked into by looking back into the blockchain.

  • The blockchain improves transparency–

By adopting blockchain in healthcare, patients will benefit by getting the ability to monitor their health information consistently, rather than relying on other people.

This system also grants authority to the people where they regulate the ePHI, which will help them in consulting with doctors and nurses to bring out the best care possible.

Other blockchain systems that aid in the healthcare sector

Another system that can work on par with Blockchain is Electronic Health Record (EHR) or Electronic Medical Record (EMR). So, if these types of systems collaborate with blockchain technology for healthcare, it will give common people better visibility over health information.

It has been years since private health organizations and insurance companies had complete authority over the information. This left the individuals in total darkness about the efficiency of the management. However, an amalgamation of both systems will bring more enhanced transparency.

With the chain system in blockchain that makes it traceable, patients can easily send records to whom they prefer instead of fearing corruption or mishandling. The encryption of blockchain will keep the information classified and secured until it gets shared with a healthcare provider or insurer.

This will help in setting benchmarks so that the insurers or organizations can formulate a benchmark for the patients to meet. This system will also decline bills spent on medications by tracking the prescribed drugs, lowering supply chain costs.

It is also presumed that blockchain, because of its data storing system, is gaining the attention of many health sectors. The whole blockchain system can advance medical record management and increase the insurance claim process, quicken clinical research, and advance biomedical and healthcare data ledger. And, with proper implementation of the block, patients can easily contact other hospitals and gather their medical data.

Conclusion

So, this system indeed brings newer things into the framework, which is more simplifying and transparent. Moreover, they work by aiding the general citizens, i.e., they can shift the framework of a private organization-based system to a patient aiding system.

Blockchain Technology is Advancing Health Technology

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